Paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs, pt. 2

Witmer & Ridgely paper: 

Witmer, L. M., & Ridgely, R. C. (2008). The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 291(11), 1362-1388.

Notes:

++ Nasal passages of the Majongasaurus and the T. Rex more closely resemble those of an ostrich than an alligator. "Anteorbital cavity is open laterally" and thus only covered by skin. Majongasaurus and T. Rex both had very extensive nasal sinuses that were pneumatized, even inflating bone. Eg. in T. Rex the palatine bone was inflated. T. Rex had larger nasal sinuses than Majongasaurus.

Terms: 

strut -- a structure to resist (generally) longitudinal compression. The face consists of many bones that act as struts. (wikipedia)

septa - walls, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. (wikipedia)

lobular -a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension[1] of an organ (as seen for example in the brain, lung, liver, or kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the gross anatomy level. (again, wikipedia)

ramus (plural rami) A small spray or twig. (biology) A branching, as of nerves or blood vessels. (wikipedia)

evaginate -(with reference to a tubular or pouch-shaped organ or structure) turn or be turned inside out. "the sacs evaginate and come to lie externally" from Oxford Languages

Palatine bone on a human:

from https://anatomy.app/encyclopedia/palatine-bone

Passage about nasal resonation in humans:

https://www.voicelessons.com/blog/knowledge/nasal-resonance/

Re: singing in "the mask". Yes, I remember this phrase from my years being classically trained in voice. It is interesting how I can relate my personal experience to dinosaur research -- which -- I suppose is the point of this work (Rawr!, Dinosaur Choir) -- in a sense.