Skull Retrodeformation Notes

 1. Use of warp on back left crest, not affecting nasal passages. 5 warp points to uncave-in / fix some caved in places

2. Use of elastic deformation brush in sculpting mode to straight out crest -- again, in the places where there are not nasal passages. 

3. Testing to see if I can group together skull and nasal then use elastic deformation rather than blending to straighten out the nasals, which are currently a bit twisted weirdly towards the left. 

4. My plan is to expand nasals & skull to at least as wide as the CMN skull.

Links for reference, blender

 https://www.embodi3d.com/blogs/entry/129-3d-printing-of-bones-from-ct-scans-a-tutorial-on-quickly-correcting-extensive-mesh-errors-using-blender-and-meshmixer/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5098973/

https://github.com/evaherbst/MyoGenerator

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271192743_The_walking_dead_Blender_as_a_tool_for_paleontologists_with_a_case_study_on_extinct_arachnids

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.833379/full

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36039284/

https://twitter.com/Tom_Dudgeon/status/1509947978211020811/photo/2

Acoustic simulation work log

I started with trying to use i-Simpa to do acoustical analysis on hadrosaur nasal passages. I'm using Windows bootcamp on my work laptop to run it. Windows is the devil, but I took a stab -- and determined that trying to built it in arm64 OSX 10.12 is an exponentially worse time sink that I do not actually need to do. 

First, I have to export the model in 3ds format. That means I have to simplify it to MAX_INT vertices. It's a specific number, but hey, it's the 16-bit int max, so that's what I remember. 

I'm simplifying in Meshlab.... 

A second later, I realize it does open stl. Dur. However, simplified vertices are probably better for this kind of thing.

Okay! I ran into some early problems, and although there are some comments on the webpage it can be used for any 3D object, i-Simpa is designed for rooms only after. And I stumbled on this recommendation:
https://acousto.sourceforge.net/

It works on OS X. 

OKAY! I'm going to do that. 
++had to replace the config.guess & config.sub
++mired in build errors with BLAS, SCALAPACK, etc. 
++tried to install via dockerfile 
++dockerfile starts with the same config.guess & config.sub errors
++realized last update was 2017. sigh......... free software... you know. anyways, of course everything is hosed.
++running 6yo docker image. I can test v.1.6 out at least. maybe tomorrow tho, feeling fed up

And then I found this: 
https://computational-acoustics.gitlab.io/website/posts/0-modelling-acoustics-with-open-source-software/

http://www.openpstd.org/index.html
A plug-in for blender

http://www.k-wave.org/
plug-in for matlab -- apparently can be used with "tissue-related media"
it may work in octave:
http://www.k-wave.org/forum/forum/octave
their list of alternative acoustics software:
http://www.k-wave.org/acousticsoftware.php

______

1. Once you use the same OS and UI for 20 years others are almost always clumsy and horrible no matter what. I do every now and then have to do Windows stuff and code in Windows and get my software working on Windows. BUT IMO, objectively horrible things about Windows are the registry tree, writing Windows installers, and how it handles hardware drivers. Also, some of the old Windows API was really needlessly convoluted. I haven't seen it in 10-15 years, so I expect that has improved with changing software standards, etc. And to be very, writing installers or making anything work across multiple machines and OS's is something I find super tedious, error-ridden, and annoying across the board. 

Paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs, pt. 2

Witmer & Ridgely paper: 

Witmer, L. M., & Ridgely, R. C. (2008). The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 291(11), 1362-1388.

Notes:

++ Nasal passages of the Majongasaurus and the T. Rex more closely resemble those of an ostrich than an alligator. "Anteorbital cavity is open laterally" and thus only covered by skin. Majongasaurus and T. Rex both had very extensive nasal sinuses that were pneumatized, even inflating bone. Eg. in T. Rex the palatine bone was inflated. T. Rex had larger nasal sinuses than Majongasaurus.

Terms: 

strut -- a structure to resist (generally) longitudinal compression. The face consists of many bones that act as struts. (wikipedia)

septa - walls, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. (wikipedia)

lobular -a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension[1] of an organ (as seen for example in the brain, lung, liver, or kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the gross anatomy level. (again, wikipedia)

ramus (plural rami) A small spray or twig. (biology) A branching, as of nerves or blood vessels. (wikipedia)

evaginate -(with reference to a tubular or pouch-shaped organ or structure) turn or be turned inside out. "the sacs evaginate and come to lie externally" from Oxford Languages

Palatine bone on a human:

from https://anatomy.app/encyclopedia/palatine-bone

Passage about nasal resonation in humans:

https://www.voicelessons.com/blog/knowledge/nasal-resonance/

Re: singing in "the mask". Yes, I remember this phrase from my years being classically trained in voice. It is interesting how I can relate my personal experience to dinosaur research -- which -- I suppose is the point of this work (Rawr!, Dinosaur Choir) -- in a sense. 

Open-source acoustical analysis tools

i-Simpa
https://i-simpa.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/

PachydermAcoustic
https://github.com/PachydermAcoustic

 

Paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs, pt. 1

Witmer, L. M., & Ridgely, R. C. (2008). The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 291(11), 1362-1388.

Summary: Examines and compares archosaur nasal passages and sinuses of extinct and extant archosaurs. Focuses on 2 predatory theropods and 2 ankylosaurs, using the living taxa (alligator, ostrich, etc.) to infer soft tissues and compare.

Notes: 

++Used Amira software for segmentation

++In alligators, the antorbital fenestra are lost and their sinuses are enclosed with bone -- like mammals. Compares the antorbital sinus with the mammalian maxillary sinus. Nasal airway is long bc of their second palate.

++This antorbital sinus is the only paranasal sinus shared across Archosauria.  Ostriches, the other living taxa compared, also has one similar to a crocodile. Suborbital sinus is the largest in ostriches.

Terms: 

An ostium (plural ostia) in anatomy is a small opening or orifice. (wikipedia)

Abelisaurids - theropod ceratosaurian dinosaurs, mostly found in the Cretaceous. eg. Carnotaurus. note: Smaller arms than t. rex.

Vocalization References

Riede T, Tokuda IT, Farmer CG. Subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency control in contact calls of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis. J Exp Biol. 2011;214:3082–
3095. Accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160820.

Riede, T., Li, Z., Tokuda, I. T., & Farmer, C. G. (2015). Functional morphology of the Alligator mississippiensis larynx with implications for vocal production. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(7), 991-998.

Li Z, Clarke JA. New insight into the anatomy of the hyolingual apparatus of Alligator mississippiensis and implications for reconstructing feeding in extinct archosaurs. J Anat. 2015 Jul;227(1):45-61. doi: 10.1111/joa.12320. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 26018316; PMCID: PMC4475358.

Robert V. Hill, Michael D. D'Emic, G. S. Bever, Mark A. Norell, A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 175, Issue 4, 1 December 2015, Pages 892–909, https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12293

Note: https://www.isca-speech.org/archive_v0/Interspeech_2018/pdfs/1080.pdf